三种赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾的卵龄选择

灰白蚕蛾Ocinara varia.是近年来华南地区为害较严重的园林害虫,为筛选有效防治灰白蚕蛾的赤眼蜂种,在室内条件下比较了短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum、松毛虫赤眼蜂T.dendroli-mi和暗黑赤眼蜂T.euproctidis对不同卵龄灰白蚕蛾卵的寄生能力和适应能力.结果显示,随寄主卵龄的增加松毛虫赤眼蜂和暗黑赤眼蜂寄生卵数均呈下降趋势,且都在灰白蚕蛾卵龄为6h的卵上寄生卵数最多,分别为15.90粒/雌和12.20粒/雌;而短管赤眼蜂的寄生卵数随寄主卵龄的增加呈先上升后下降趋势,在卵龄为24 h时达最高,为8.25粒/雌;在各卵龄段,松毛虫赤眼蜂的寄生卵数均比其它2种蜂多;当寄主卵龄超过72 h时,3种赤眼蜂的寄生卵数均显著下降.3种赤眼蜂在寄生卵龄为6h的寄生卵上羽化率最高,当卵龄超过72 h时,其羽化率均显著下降.松毛虫赤眼蜂和暗黑赤眼蜂对6h卵龄的灰白蚕蛾卵致死能力最强,而短管赤眼蜂对24 h卵龄的灰白蚕蛾卵致死能力最强.综合分析表明,松毛虫赤眼蜂在灰白蚕蛾卵上的寄生能力和适应能力最好,是灰白蚕蛾的有效天敌.     

河北园林蚧虫名录

本文报道了河北地区为害园林植物的蚧虫8科42属73种,同时对其寄主、为害程度及分布作了介绍。     

Influence of host plant species on the development and reproduction of hawthorn spider mites

A leaf disc bioassay was employed to investigate the influence of host species of deciduous fruit trees, like apple, peach, plum, cherry and apricot, on the development and reproduction of the hawthorn spider mite Tetranychus viennensis Zacher in the laboratory under conditions of 25±1°C, 60±10% RH and a photoperiod of 16 h: 8 h light: dark. This was done by determining the duration of each life stage of the mites, the intrinsic rate of population increase (r _m ), mean generation time (T) and net reproductive rate (R ₀) of the spider mites on each of the host plant species. Differences in life table parameters of the spider mite among host plants were analyzed with the jack-knife method. The results indicated that plum might be the best suitable plant for the spider mite among the plants tested due to shorter developmental period and higher intrinsic rate of increase, whereas cherry and apricot were least suitable due to their long developmental duration and low intrinsic rates of increase. When the spider mites were transferred from apple to other fruit trees, negative effects on developmental duration, fecundity and life table parameters were found in the first generation, but the effects faded out in succeeding generations. When transferred onto plum and peach, the spider mite adapted to the new hosts in the second generation; however, on cherry and apricot, it adapted in the third generation. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 27(7) [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 27(7)]     

花椒窄吉丁对寄主果实挥发物的触角电位及行为反应

使用触角电位仪测定花椒窄吉丁两性成虫对10种寄主果实挥发物的触角电位（EAG）反应，使用Y型嗅觉计测定其对8种强烈EAG反应的挥发物的行为反应。结果表明:1）寄主果实的10种挥发物均可引起花椒窄吉丁不同程度的EAG反应，100 μg·μL^-1时胡椒酮和正葵醛分别引起雌虫和雄虫最大的EAG反应绝对值，d-柠檬烯、月桂烯在100 μg·μL^-1时引起雄虫最大的EAG反应绝对值；然而在10 μg·μL^-1时引起雌虫的EAG反应绝对值最大。10种挥发物中，花椒窄吉丁对（±）-α-乙酸松油酯和罗勒烯的EAG反应相对较弱。2）配对T检验发现仅反式-2-己烯醛对两性成虫的EAG反应存在极显著的性别差异(P＜0.01)，而所测的其他挥发物对两性成虫的EAG反应不存在性别差异(P＞0.05)。3）1~100 μg·μL^-1的芳樟醇对雄虫驱避显著，10~100 μg·μL^-1的正葵醛对两性成虫均驱避显著，1~10 μg·μL^-1的胡椒酮、10~100 μg·μL^-1的γ-松油烯对雌虫驱避显著(P＜0.05)，10~100 μg·μL^-1的月桂烯、0.1~1 μg·μL^-1的d-柠檬烯对雄虫引诱显著。雄虫对1~100 μg·μL^-1的反式-2-己烯醛驱避反应显著；雌虫仅对10 μg·μL^-1的反式-2-己烯醛驱避反应显著，反式-2-己烯-1-醇在0.1~1 μg·μL^-1时对雌虫驱避显著；但在10~100 μg·μL^-1时对雌虫引诱显著。说明一定浓度的月桂烯、d-柠檬烯、反式-2-己烯-1-醇对花椒窄吉丁具有引诱作用，一定浓度的芳樟醇、正葵醛、胡椒酮、γ-松油烯、反式-2-己烯醛、反式-2-己烯-1-醇对花椒窄吉丁具有驱避作用，可作为引诱剂或驱虫剂成分进一步开发利用。     

Characterization of Leptospira infection in suckling and weaning rat pups

Rats are known to be the most important reservoirs of Leptospira spp. However, the leptospiral dose and age at which rats become resistant to Leptospira infection are not yet well elucidated. Aimed to characterize leptospirosis in rat pups, we found that suckling pups (4-, 7-, and 14-day old) are susceptible to leptospires and resistance starts from the weaning age (23-day old). Susceptibility of rat pups was also affected by the infecting dose of the organisms. Jaundice, decrease in body weight, and neurological symptoms prior to moribundity was evident in infected suckling pups. However, 23-day-old infected pups did not manifest any pathological changes and were able to survive the infection similar to adult rats. Based on these results, we propose the suckling rat pup as a novel animal model of human leptospirosis to investigate pathogenesis, development of host resistance, and the mechanisms involved in rats becoming maintenance hosts for leptospires.     

Alteration of glutathione S-transferase properties during the development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Micromelalopha troglodyta</Emphasis> larvae (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae)

Micromelalopha troglodyta (Graeser) is an important pest of poplar in China. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are known to be responsible for adaptation mechanisms of M. troglodyta. The activities and kinetic constants of glutathione S-transferases in M. troglodyta were studied. Significant differences in glutathione S-transferase activity and kinetic characteristics were observed among five instars of M. troglodyta larvae. Furthermore, the inhibition of glutathione S-transferase activity in five instars by 24 inhibitors was conducted. The results show the inhibition of GST activity of different instars by 24 inhibitors was different. For GST activity in the 1st instar, chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, endosulfan, abamectin, fipronil and pyridaben were the best inhibitors tested, and for GST activity in the 2nd instar, tannic acid and quercetin were the most potent inhibitors tested, and for GST activity in the 3rd instar, the inhibitory effects of quercetin, chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin were the highest, and for GST activity in the 4th instar, quercetin and lambda-cyhalothrin were the best inhibitors, and the inhibitory effect of phoxim was the highest for GST activity in the 5th instar. Our results show that glutathione S-transferases in different instars are qualitatively different in isozyme composition and thus different in sensitivity to inhibitors.     

华石斛原生境条件下人工播种的初步探讨

由于人为的采挖和原生境的破坏,华石斛野生资源受到严重威胁。因此,保护华石斛野生资源及其生境,加快野生植株的繁殖显得非常重要。该研究以华石斛种子为材料,分别于7月和9月,播种于不同的附生宿主树种(毛绵杜鹃,竹叶松,碎叶蒲桃,大叶布拉栎和大果马蹄荷),并监测其种子萌发的状况。研究结果表明:(1)华石斛种子对附生树种有一定的选择性。人工播种的毛绵杜鹃上均有原球茎萌发,萌发率达到100%,平均每株树萌发14.71个原球茎。竹叶松和碎叶蒲桃上的原球茎数增加的差异不明显,对照大叶布拉栎和大果马蹄荷则没有原球茎萌发。(2)播种时间影响华石斛种子萌发与原球茎的形成。7月份播种的毛绵杜鹃和竹叶松,原球茎萌发数较多;9月份播种的碎叶蒲桃上萌发的原球茎远远高于毛绵杜鹃和竹叶松上,达到为4.5个/株。该实验结果暗示雨季可能是华石斛播种的最佳时期。此外,人工播种树上萌发的原球茎基本集中在华石斛植株上方30cm至下方40cm的范围内,这为今后播种位置的选择提供了依据。     

安阳棉蚜寄主专化型及其形成机制初步分析

为了解安阳地区棉蚜寄主专化型情况,进行了棉蚜不同寄主转接的适合度测定。结果显示,棉花上与黄瓜上的棉蚜相互转接后其存活率及繁殖力均明显下降,不能建立种群;棉花上的棉蚜转接到西葫芦上时,其存活率及繁殖力与其原寄主无显著差异;黄瓜上的棉蚜转接到西葫芦上时,其净增殖率及内禀增长率均显著地高于其原寄主;黄瓜上棉蚜对西葫芦的适应性比棉花上棉蚜强。表明安阳地区棉蚜存在黄瓜和棉花两种寄主专化型,且都可以利用西葫芦。进一步对3种植物苗期叶片游离氨基酸进行测定,结果显示,游离氨基酸种类及总量均在西葫芦中最多,棉花中次之,黄瓜中最少。寄主植物游离氨基酸种类及含量的多少会影响棉蚜的生长与繁殖,可能是棉蚜寄主专化型形成的影响因素之一。     

玉米灰斑病菌致病性分化研究

从我国玉米品种资源中首次成功筛选出9个具有广泛血缘代表性的自交系,即沈137,78599-1,Mo17,478,C8605-2,E28,598,Va35,K12,作为玉米灰斑病菌的生理分化鉴别寄主;8个主栽品种,即沈试29,沈试31,铁单9,掖单13,丹413,丹玉18,沈农87,东单54,作为辅助鉴别寄主,从而确定了玉米灰斑病菌生理分化鉴别寄主体系。采用田间成株期鉴定,高粱粒灌心法进行接种,根据在鉴别寄主上的发病等级,将采自北方玉米主产区的23个玉米灰斑病菌菌株划分成5个致病类型。研究表明,我国玉米灰斑病菌存在一定程度的致病性分化,通过病级评价可将23个玉米灰斑病菌菌株分成5个致病类型,其中致病类型I为强致病类型,致病类型IV为弱致病类型,Ⅱ,Ⅲ2组致病类型介于两者之间,而致病类型V属于不确定类型。研究结果为我国玉米品种抗性鉴定、灰斑病流行监测和品种合理布局提供了理论依据。